To properly understand chapter one, we need to have these definitions ready:
Opinion: A belief or conclusion held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof:
Belief: A mental state of acceptance.
Subjectivism: The truth of moral judgments is dependent upon people's beliefs.
Objectivism: The truth of moral judgments is independent of people's beliefs.
Relativism: Truth is relative to point of view (subjectivism), culture (cultural relativism).
Moral relativism: same as above, but now concerning moral judgments. So, moral judgments are not true independent of people's point of view or culture.
Justification: something, such as facts or reasons given to hold a belief.
Knowledge: Justified true belief.
p. 13: Ethics involves non relative claims, that is, claims that are either reasonable or unreasonable.
On the other hand, ethical claims are not easy. They involve personal bias, prejudice and emotional commitments.
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