chapter 5 utilitarianism

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phi 2604, test #2, topics for review (chapter 4 & 5)

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homework, chapter 4

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Epicurus, the father of common sense

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus (c. 341 – c. 270 BC), founded around 307 BC. 

Epicurus observes that for humans pleasure is associated with good, beautiful, and right; while pain is associated with bad, ugly, and wrong. Why? He concludes that there's a natural connection between the two. 

The self is exceptional. Only by helping oneself, one can help others, only by preserving self one can preserve others.

Epicurus believes the greatest good is to seek pleasure in the form of a state of tranquility and freedom from fear (this he calls ataraxia) and the absence of bodily pain (aponia). 

We achieve this balance through a combination of understanding the nature of REALITY and the governing our desires. What is the nature of REALITY? 

REALITY JUST IS and we must adapt to it.   

WHAT ABOUT PLEASURE? 

For Epicurus there are two kinds of pleasures: 1. Pleasures of the body and 2. Pleasures of the mind. The pleasures of the body are important but they are ephemeral. The pleasures of the mind are the best because they LAST.

The highest pleasure (TRANQUILITY and FREEDOM FROM FEAR) is obtained with the right knowledge, the cultivation of friendships, and living a virtuous life. 

Epicurus defends moderation in life. 

Moderation means proper measure, which is different for different people (some people have resistance to alcohol, others for sugar, others for acidity, and so on). We learn to know our weak points and work around them. 

Anything in excess IS wrong.

Topics for exam #1, fall 19, chapter 1 & 2

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